Machine generated contents note: About the Editors List of Contributors Foreword Series Editor Preface Preface AcronymsPart One The Socio-technical Context of System Health Management Charles D. Mott1 The Theory of System Health Management Stephen B. Johnson Overview 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Functions, Off-Nominal States, and Causation 1.3 Complexity and Knowledge Limitations 1.4 SHM Mitigation Strategies 1.5 Operational Fault Management Functions 1.6 Mechanisms 1.7 Summary of Principles 1.8 SHM Implementation 1.9 Some Implications 1.10 Conclusion Bibliography2 Multimodal Communication Beverly A. Sauer Overview 2.1 Multimodal Communication in SHM 2.2 Communication Channels 2.3 Learning from Disaster 2.4 Current Communication in the Aerospace Industry 2.5 The Problem of Sense-making in SHM Communication 2.6 The Costs of Faulty Communication 2.7 Implications 2.8 Conclusion Acknowledgments Bibliography3 Highly Reliable Organizations Andrew Wiedlea Overview 3.1 The Study of HROs and Design for Dependability 3.2 Lessons from the Field: HRO Patterns of Behavior 3.3 Dependable Design, Organizational Behavior, and Connections to the HRO Project Bibliography4 Knowledge Management Edward W. Rogers Overview 4.1 Systems as Embedded Knowledge 4.2 KM and Information Technology 4.3 Reliability and Sustainability of Organizational Systems 4.4 Case Study of Building a Learning Organization: Goddard Space Flight Center 4.5 Conclusion Bibliography5 The Business Case for SHM Kirby Keller and James Poblete Overview 5.1 Business Case Processes and Tools 5.2 Metrics to Support the Decision Process 5.3 Factors to Consider in Developing an Enterprise Model 5.4 Evaluation of Alternatives 5.5 Modifications in Selected Baseline Model 5.6 Modeling Risk and Uncertainty 5.7 Model Verification and Validation 5.8 Evaluation Results 5.9 Summary and Conclusions BibliographyPart Two SHM and the System Lifecycle Seth S. Kessler6 Health Management Systems Engineering and Integration Timothy J. Wilmering and Charles D. Mott Overview 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Systems Thinking 6.3 Knowledge Management 6.4 Systems Engineering 6.5 Systems Engineering Lifecycle Stages 6.6 Systems Engineering, Dependability, and Health Management 6.7 SHM Lifecycle Stages 6.8 SHM Analysis Models and Tools 6.9 Summary Acknowledgments Bibliography7 Architecture Ryan W. Deal and Seth S. Kessler Overview 7.1 Introduction 7.2 SHM System Architecture Components 7.3 Examples of Power and Data Considerations 7.4 SHM System Architecture Characteristics 7.5 SHM System Architecture Advanced Concepts 7.6 Summary Bibliography8 System Design and Analysis Methods Irem Y. Tumer Overview 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Lifecycle Considerations 8.3 Design Methods and Practices for Effective SHM 8.4 Summary Acknowledgments Bibliography9 Assessing and Maturing Technology Readiness Levels Ryan M. Mackey Overview 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Motivating Maturity Assessment 9.3 Review of Technology Readiness Levels 9.4 Special Needs of SHM 9.5 Mitigation Approaches 9.6 TRLs for SHM 9.7 A Sample Maturation Effort 9.8 Summary Bibliography10 Verification and Validation Lawrence Z. Markosian, Martin S. Feather, and David E. Brinza Overview 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Existing Software V & V 10.3 Feasibility and Sufficiency of Existing Software V & V Practices for SHM.

Note continued: 17.2.2. Trend-Based Evolutionary Approaches
17.2.3. Data-Driven Approaches
17.2.4. Particle Filtering
17.2.5. Physics-Based Modeling Approaches
17.3. Prognosis RUL Probability Density Function
17.4. Adaptive Prognosis
17.5. Performance Metrics
17.5.1. Accuracy
17.5.2. Precision
17.5.3. Convergence
17.6. Distributed Prognosis System Architecture
17.7. Conclusion
Bibliography
pt. Four OPERATIONS / Karl M. Reichard
18. Quality Assurance / Brian K. Hughitt
Overview
18.1. NASA QA Policy Requirements
18.2. Quality System Criteria
18.3. Quality Clauses
18.4. Workmanship Standards
18.5. Government Contract Quality Assurance
18.6. Government Mandatory Inspection Points
18.7. Quality System Audit
18.8. Conclusion
Bibliography
19. Maintainability: Theory and Practice / Gary O'Neill
Overview
19.1. Definitions of Reliability and Maintainability
19.2. Reliability and Maintainability Engineering
19.3. The Practice of Maintainability
19.4. Improving R & M Measures
19.5. Conclusion
Bibliography
20. Human Factors / Lilly Spirkovska
Overview
20.1. Background
20.2. Fault Management on Next-Generation Spacecraft
20.3. Integrated Fault Management Automation Today
20.4. Human-Automation Teaming for Real-Time FM
20.4.1. Human-Machine Functional Allocation
20.4.2. Ensuring Crew Visibility in Automated Activities
20.4.3. Providing Crew Insight on System Summary Displays
20.5. Operations Concepts for Crew-Automation Teaming
20.6. Empirical Testing and Evaluation
20.7. Future Steps
20.8. Conclusion
Bibliography
21. Launch Operations / Barbara L. Brown
Overview
21.1. Introduction to Launch Site Operations
21.2. Human-Centered Health Management
21.2.1. Space Shuttle Turnaround Operations
21.2.2. International Space Station (ISS) Element Integrated Testing
21.2.3. Launch Pad Operations
21.2.4. Launch Countdown
21.2.5. Expendable Launch Vehicle Processing
21.3. SHM
21.3.1. Sensing
21.3.2. Integrated Data Environment
21.3.3. Configuration Data Automation
21.4. LS Abort and Emergency Egress
21.5. Future Trends Post Space Shuttle
21.6. Conclusion
Bibliography
22. Fault Management Techniques in Human Spaceflight Operations / Alan Crocker
Overview
22.1. The Flight Operations Team
22.2. System Architecture Implications
22.3. Operations Products, Processes and Techniques
22.4. Lessons Learned from Space Shuttle and ISS Experience
22.5. Conclusion
Bibliography
23. Military Logistics / Karl M. Reichard
Overview
23.1. Focused Logistics
23.2. USMC AL
23.3. Benefits and Impact of SHM on Military Operations and Logistics
23.4. Demonstrating the Value of SHM in Military Operations and Logistics
23.5. Conclusion
Bibliography
pt. Five Subsystem Health Management / Philip A. Scandura, Jr.
24. Aircraft Propulsion Health Management / Bruce Wood
Overview
24.1. Introduction
24.2. Basic Principles
24.2.1. Module Performance Analysis
24.2.2. Engine Health Tracking
24.3. Engine-Hosted Health Management
24.3.1. Sensors
24.3.2. Engine Gas Path
24.4. Operating Conditions
24.4.1. Actuation
24.4.2. Mechanical Components
24.4.3. Vibration
24.4.4. Lubrication System
24.4.5. Turbo-machinery
24.4.6. Direct Blade Measures
24.4.7. Future
24.5.Computing Host
24.6. Software
24.6.1. FADEC Codes
24.6.2. Anomaly Detection
24.6.3. Information Fusion
24.6.4. Fault Isolation
24.7. On-Board Models
24.8.Component Life Usage Estimation
24.8.1. Traditional Component Lifing Methods
24.8.2. Advanced Component Life Usage Tracking
24.9. Design of an Engine Health Management System
24.9.1. Safety
24.9.2. Lifecycle Cost
24.10. Supporting a Layered Approach
24.11. Conclusion
Bibliography
25. Intelligent Sensors for Health Management / Todd Hong
Overview
25.1. Introduction
25.2. Sensor Technology Approaches
25.2.1. Ease of Application
25.2.2. Reliability
25.2.3. Redundancy and Cross-correlation
25.2.4. Orthogonality
25.3. Sensor System Development
25.3.1. Smart Sensors
25.3.2."Lick and Stick" Leak Sensor Technology
25.4. Supporting Technologies: High-Temperature Applications Example
25.5. Test Instrumentation and Non-destructive Evaluation (NDE)
25.6. Transition of Sensor Systems to Flight
25.6.1. Performance Considerations
25.6.2. Physical Considerations
25.6.3. Environmental Considerations
25.6.4. Safety and Reliability Considerations
25.7. Supporting a Layered Approach
25.8. Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Bibliography
26. Structural Health Monitoring / Yujun Kim
Overview
26.1. Introduction
26.2. Proposed Framework
26.2.1. Impact Monitoring
26.2.2. Detection of Bolt Loosening in the TPS
26.2.3. Design of Built-In Structural Health Monitoring System
26.3. Supporting a Layered Approach
26.4. Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Bibliography
27. Electrical Power Health Management / Amy Chicatelli
Overview
27.1. Introduction
27.2. Summary of Major EPS Components and their Failure Modes
27.2.1. Solar Arrays
27.2.2. Fuel Cells
27.2.3. Batteries
27.2.4. Flywheel Energy Storage
27.2.5. PMAD
27.3. Review of Current Power System HM
27.3.1. Hubble Space Telescope (HST)
27.3.2. International Space Station (ISS)
27.3.3. Space Shuttle
27.3.4. Aeronautics
27.4. Future Power SHM
27.4.1. Design Considerations
27.5. Supporting a Layered Approach
27.6. Conclusion
Bibliography
28. Avionics Health Management / Edmund C. Baroth
Overview
28.1. Avionics Description
28.1.1. Avionics Components
28.1.2. Avionics Architectures
28.1.3. Avionics Technology
28.2. Electrical, Electronic and Electromechanical (EEE) Parts Qualification
28.2.1.Commercial Grade
28.2.2. Industrial Grade
28.2.3. Military Grade
28.2.4. Space Grade
28.3. Environments
28.3.1. Environmental Parameters
28.4. Failure Sources
28.4.1. Design Faults
28.4.2. Material Defects
28.4.3. Fabrication Faults
28.5. Current Avionics Health Management Techniques
28.5.1. Scan Design/Built-In Self-test (BIST)
28.5.2. Error Detection and Correction (EDAC)
28.5.3. Boundary Scan
28.5.4. Voting
28.5.5. Idle Data Pattern Diagnosis
28.5.6. Input Protection
28.5.7. Module Test and Maintenance (MTM) Bus
28.5.8. Intelligent Sensors and Actuators
28.5.9. Avionics Systems
28.6. Avionics Health Management Requirements
28.6.1. Prognostic Health Management and Recovery
28.6.2. Anomaly and Failure Detection
28.6.3. Recovery
28.7. Supporting a Layered Approach
28.8. Conclusion
Bibliography
29. Failure-Tolerant Architectures for Health Management / Priya Narasimhan
Overview
29.1. Introduction
29.2. System Failure Response Stages
29.3. System-Level Approaches to Reliability
29.4. Failure-Tolerant Software Architectures for Space Missions
29.4.1. Generic Spacecraft
29.4.2. Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP)
29.4.3. Mars Pathfinder
29.5. Failure-Tolerant Software Architectures for Commercial Aviation Systems
29.5.1. Generic Aviation System
29.5.2. Airbus A330/A340/A380
29.5.3. Boeing 777
29.6. Observations and Trends
29.6.1.Commercial Off-the-Shelf Components
29.6.2."By-Wire" Software Control and Autonomy
29.6.3. Escalating Fault Sources and Evolving Redundancy
29.6.4. Domain-Specific Observations
29.7. Supporting a Layered Approach
29.8. Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Bibliography
30. Flight Control Health Management / Douglas J. Zimpfer
Overview
30.1.A FC Perspective on System Health Management
30.1.1.Commercial Passenger Aircraft
30.1.2. Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
30.1.3. Spacecraft
30.1.4. Reusable Space Exploration Vehicle
30.2. Elements of the FC System
30.3. FC Sensor and Actuator HM
30.3.1. Sensor HM
30.3.2. Actuator HM
30.4. FC/Flight Dynamics HM
30.4.1. Navigation HM
30.4.2. Guidance HM
30.4.3. Control HM
30.5. FC HM Benefits
30.6. Supporting a Layered Approach
30.7. Conclusion
Bibliography
31. Life Support Health Management / Eric-Jan Manders
Overview
31.1. Introduction
31.1.1. Life Support Systems
31.2. Modeling
31.2.1. Physics-Based Modeling
31.2.2.

Resource-Based Modeling
31.3. System Architecture
31.3.1. Behavior Monitors and Diagnoser
31.3.2. Failure-Adaptive Controller
31.3.3. Supervisory Controller
31.3.4. Resource Monitors
31.3.5. Planner and Scheduler
31.4. Future NASA Life Support Applications
31.4.1. Crew Exploration Vehicle
31.4.2. Lunar Habitats
31.4.3. Martian Habitats
31.5. Supporting a Layered Approach
31.6. Conclusion
Bibliography
32. Software / Philip A. Scandura, Jr.
Overview
32.1. Sampling of Accidents Attributed to Software Failures
32.2. Current Practice
32.2.1. Multi-Version Software
32.2.2. Recovery Block
32.2.3. Exception Handling
32.2.4. Data Capture Methods
32.3. Challenges
32.4. Supporting a Layered Approach
32.5. Conclusion
Bibliography
pt. Six SYSTEM APPLICATIONS / Thomas J. Gormley.

Note continued: 33. Launch Vehicle Health Management / Thomas J. Gormley
Overview
33.1. Introduction
33.2. LVSHM Functionality and Scope
33.3. LV Terminology and Operations
33.4. LV Reliability Lessons Learned
33.5. LV Segment Requirements and Architecture
33.6. LVSHM Analysis and Design
33.6.1. LVSHM Analysis Process Overview
33.6.2. On-Vehicle LVSHM Design
33.6.3. On-Ground LVSHM Design
33.7. LV LVSHM System Descriptions
33.7.1. Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle LVSHM
33.7.2. NASA Space Transportation System LVSHM
33.7.3. Advanced Reusable Launch Vehicle LVSHM Test Programs
33.8. LVSHM Future System Requirements
33.8.1. RLVs and Operationally Responsive Spacelift
33.8.2. Human-Rated Launch Vehicles
33.8.3. Allocation of LVSHM Functionality
33.8.4. Redundancy, Fault Tolerance, and Human Rating
33.9. Conclusion
Bibliography. 34. Robotic Spacecraft Health Management / Paula S. Morgan
Overview
34.1. Introduction
34.2. Spacecraft Health and Integrity Concerns for Deep-Space Missions
34.3. Spacecraft SHM Implementation Approaches
34.4. Standard FP Implementation
34.5. Robotic Spacecraft SHM Allocations
34.6. Spacecraft SHM Ground Rules and Requirements
34.7. SFP and SIFP Architectures
34.7.1. FP Monitor Structure
34.7.2. Example of Standard FP Application: Command Loss
34.7.3. Example of Standard FP Application: Under-voltage Trip
34.8. Conclusion
Bibliography
35. Tactical Missile Health Management / Stephen A. Marotta
Overview
35.1. Introduction
35.2. Stockpile Surveillance Findings
35.3. Probabilistic Prognostics Modeling
35.3.1. Stress and Strength Interference Method
35.3.2. Cumulative Damage Function Method
35.3.3. Weibull Service Life Prediction Method
35.4. Conclusion
Bibliography
36. Strategic Missile Health Management / Gregory A. Ruderman
Overview
36.1. Introduction
36.2. Fundamentals of Solid Rocket Motors
36.3. Motor Components
36.3.1. Cases
36.3.2. Propellant-Liner-Insulator System
36.4. Challenges for Strategic Rocket Health Management
36.4.1. Material Property Variation
36.4.2. Material Aging
36.4.3. Defects
36.5. State of the Art for Solid Rocket System Health Management (SHM)
36.5.1. State of the Art for Deployed SHM Systems
36.5.2. State of the Art in Laboratory SHM Demonstrations
36.6. Current Challenges Facing SRM SHM
36.6.1. SRM SHM Data Acquisition, Storage and Analysis
36.6.2. System Longevity and Reliability
36.6.3. Lack of Service Life Sensors
36.6.4. Business Case
36.7. Conclusion
Bibliography
37. Rotorcraft Health Management / James J. Zakrajsek
Overview
37.1. Introduction
37.2. Rotorcraft System Health Management Standard Practices
37.3. New Practices
37.4. Lessons Learned
37.5. Future Challenges
37.6. Conclusion
Bibliography
38.Commercial Aviation Health Management / Gary Bird
Overview
38.1.Commercial Aviation Challenge
38.2. Layered Approach to SHM
38.3. Evolution of Commercial Aviation SHM
38.3.1. First-Generation Systems
38.3.2. Second-Generation Systems
38.3.3. Third-Generation Systems
38.3.4. Fourth-Generation Systems
38.4.Commercial State of the Art
38.4.1. Primus Epic CMC
38.4.2. Boeing 787 Crew Information System/Maintenance System
38.5. The Next Generation: Intelligent Vehicles/Sense and Respond
38.5.1. Enabling the Shift to Sense and Respond Network-centric Operations
38.5.2. Barriers to Adoption
38.5.3. Next Steps
38.6. Conclusion
Bibliography.