Machine generated contents note: 1.1. What Is Quality?
1.2. What Is Reliability?
1.2.1. The Ability to Perform as Intended
1.2.2. For a Specified Time
1.2.3. Life-Cycle Conditions
1.2.4. Reliability as a Relative Measure
1.3. Quality, Customer Satisfaction, and System Effectiveness
1.4. Performance, Quality, and Reliability
1.5. Reliability and the System Life Cycle
1.6. Consequences of Failure
1.6.1. Financial Loss
1.6.2. Breach of Public Trust
1.6.3. Legal Liability
1.6.4. Intangible Losses
1.7. Suppliers and Customers
1.8. Summary
Problems
2.1. Basic Reliability Concepts
2.1.1. Concept of Probability Density Function
2.2. Hazard Rate
2.2.1. Motivation and Development of Hazard Rate
2.2.2. Some Properties of the Hazard Function
2.2.3. Conditional Reliability
2.3. Percentiles Product Life
2.4. Moments of Time to Failure
2.4.1. Moments about Origin and about the Mean
2.4.2. Expected Life or Mean Time to Failure
2.4.3. Variance or the Second Moment about the Mean
2.4.4. Coefficient of Skewness
2.4.5. Coefficient of Kurtosis
2.5. Summary
Problems
3.1. Discrete Distributions
3.1.1. Binomial Distribution
3.1.2. Poisson Distribution
3.1.3. Other Discrete Distributions
3.2. Continuous Distributions Si
3.2.1. Weibull Distribution
3.2.2. Exponential Distribution
3.2.3. Estimation of Reliability for Exponential Distribution
3.2.4. The Normal (Gaussian) Distribution
3.2.5. The Lognormal Distribution
3.2.6. Gamma Distribution
3.3. Probability Plots
3.4. Summary
Problems
4.1. What Is Six Sigma?
4.2. Why Six Sigma?
4.3. How Is Six Sigma Implemented?
4.3.1. Steps in the Six Sigma Process
4.3.2. Summary of the Six Sigma Steps
4.4. Optimization Problems in the Six Sigma Process
4.4.1. System Transfer Function
4.4.2. Variance Transmission Equation
4.4.3. Economic Optimization and Quality Improvement
4.4.4. Tolerance Design Problem
4.5. Design for Six Sigma
4.5.1. Identify (I)
4.5.2. Characterize (C)
4.5.3. Optimize (O)
4.5.4. Verify (V)
4.6. Summary
Problems
5.1. Product Requirements and Constraints
5.2. Product Life Cycle Conditions
5.3. Reliability Capability
5.4. Parts and Materials Selection
5.5. Human Factors and Reliability
5.6. Deductive versus Inductive Methods
5.7. Failure Modes, Effects, and Criticality Analysis
5.8. Fault Tree Analysis
5.8.1. Role of FTA in Decision-Making
5.8.2. Steps of Fault Tree Analysis
5.8.3. Basic Paradigms for the Construction of Fault Trees
5.8.4. Definition of the Top Event
5.8.5. Faults versus Failures
5.8.6. Minimal Cut Sets
5.9. Physics of Failure
5.9.1. Stress Margins
5.9.2. Model Analysis of Failure Mechanisms
5.9.3. Derating
5.9.4. Protective Architectures
5.9.5. Redundancy
5.9.6. Prognostics
5.10. Design Review
5.11. Qualification
5.12. Manufacture and Assembly
5.12.1. Manufacturability
5.12.2. Process Verification Testing
5.13. Analysis, Product Failure, and Root Causes
5.14. Summary
Problems
6.1. Defining Requirements
6.2. Responsibilities of the Supply Chain
6.2.1. Multiple-Customer Products
6.2.2. Single-Customer Products
6.2.3. Custom Products
6.3. The Requirements Document
6.4. Specifications
6.5. Requirements Tracking
6.6. Summary
Problems
7.1. Defining the Life-Cycle Profile
7.2. Life-Cycle Events
7.2.1. Manufacturing and Assembly
7.2.2. Testing and Screening
7.2.3. Storage
7.2.4. Transportation
7.2.5. Installation
7.2.6. Operation
7.2.7. Maintenance
7.3. Loads and Their Effects
7.3.1. Temperature
7.3.2. Humidity
7.3.3. Vibration and Shock
7.3.4. Solar Radiation
7.3.5. Electromagnetic Radiation
7.3.6. Pressure
7.3.7. Chemicals
7.3.8. Sand and Dust
7.3.9. Voltage
7.3.10. Current
7.3.11. Human Factors
7.4. Considerations and Recommendations for LCP Development
7.4.1. Extreme Specifications-Based Design (Global and Local Environments)
7.4.2. Standards-Based Profiles
7.4.3. Combined Load Conditions
7.4.4. Change in Magnitude and Rate of Change of Magnitude
7.5. Methods for Estimating Life-Cycle Loads
7.5.1. Market Studies and Standards Based Profiles as Sources of Data
7.5.2. In Situ Monitoring of Load Conditions
7.5.3. Field Trial Records, Service Records, and Failure Records
7.5.4. Data on Load Histories of Similar Parts, Assemblies, or Products
7.6. Summary
Problems
8.1. Capability Maturity Models.

8.2. Key Reliability Practices
8.2.1. Reliability Requirements and Planning
8.2.2. Training and Development
8.2.3. Reliability Analysis
8.2.4. Reliability Testing
8.2.5. Supply-Chain Management
8.2.6. Failure Data Tracking and Analysis
8.2.7. Verification and Validation
8.2.8. Reliability Improvement
8.3. Summary
Problems
9.1. Part Assessment Process
9.1.1. Performance Assessment
9.1.2. Quality Assessment
9.1.3. Process Capability Index
9.1.4. Average Outgoing Quality
9.1.5. Reliability Assessment
9.1.6. Assembly Assessment
9.2. Parts Management
9.2.1. Supply Chain Management
9.2.2. Part Change Management
9.2.3. Industry Change Control Policies
9.3. Risk Management
9.4. Summary
Problems
10.1. Development of FMMEA
10.2. Failure Modes, Mechanisms, and Effects Analysis
10.2.1. System Definition, Elements, and Functions
10.2.2. Potential Failure Modes
10.2.3. Potential Failure Causes
10.2.4. Potential Failure Mechanisms
10.2.5. Failure Models
10.2.6. Life-Cycle Profile
10.2.7. Failure Mechanism Prioritization
10.2.8. Documentation
10.3. Case Study
10.4. Summary
Problems
11.1. Design for Reliability
11.2. Design of a Tension Element
11.3. Reliability Models for Probabilistic Design
11.4. Example of Probabilistic Design and Design for a Reliability Target
11.5. Relationship between Reliability, Factor of Safety, and Variability
11.6. Functions of Random Variables
11.7. Steps for Probabilistic Design
11.8. Summary
Problems
12.1. Part Ratings
12.1.1. Absolute Maximum Ratings
12.1.2. Recommended Operating Conditions
12.1.3. Factors Used to Determine Ratings
12.2. Derating
12.2.1. How Is Derating Practiced?
12.2.2. Limitations of the Derating Methodology
12.2.3. How to Determine These Limits
12.3. Uprating
12.3.1. Parts Selection and Management Process
12.3.2. Assessment for Uprateability
12.3.3. Methods of Uprating
12.3.4. Continued Assurance
12.4. Summary
Problems
13.1. Tests during the Product Life Cycle
13.1.1. Concept Design and Prototype
13.1.2. Performance Validation to Design Specification
13.1.3. Design Maturity Validation
13.1.4. Design and Manufacturing Process Validation
13.1.5. Preproduction Low Volume Manufacturing
13.1.6. High Volume Production
13.1.7. Feedback from Field Data
13.2. Reliability Estimation
13.3. Product Qualification and Testing
13.3.1. Input to PoF Qualification Methodology
13.3.2. Accelerated Stress Test Planning and Development
13.3.3. Specimen Characterization
13.3.4. Accelerated Life Tests
13.3.5. Virtual Testing
13.3.6. Virtual Qualification
13.3.7. Output
13.4. Case Study: System-in-Package Drop Test Qualification
13.4.1. Step 1: Accelerated Test Planning and Development
13.4.2. Step 2: Specimen Characterization
13.4.3. Step 3: Accelerated Life Testing
13.4.4. Step 4: Virtual Testing
13.4.5. Global FEA
13.4.6. Strain Distributions Due to Modal Contributions
13.4.7. Acceleration Curves
13.4.8. Local FEA
13.4.9. Step 5: Virtual Qualification
13.4.10. PoF Acceleration Curves
13.4.11. Summary of the Methodology for Qualification
13.5. Basic Statistical Concepts
13.5.1. Confidence Interval
13.5.2. Interpretation of the Confidence Level
13.5.3. Relationship between Confidence Interval and Sample Size
13.6. Confidence Interval for Normal Distribution
13.6.1. Unknown Mean with a Known Variance for Normal Distribution
13.6.2. Unknown Mean with an Unknown Variance for Normal Distribution
13.6.3. Differences in Two Population Means with Variances Known
13.7. Confidence Intervals for Proportions
13.8. Reliability Estimation and Confidence Limits for Success-Failure Testing
13.8.1. Success Testing
13.9. Reliability Estimation and Confidence Limits for Exponential Distribution
13.10. Summary
Problems
14.1. Process Control System
14.1.1. Control Charts: Recognizing Sources of Variation
14.1.2. Sources of Variation
14.1.3. Use of Control Charts for Problem Identification
14.2. Control Charts
14.2.1. Control Charts for Variables
14.2.2. X-Bar and R Charts
14.2.3. Moving Range Chart Example
14.2.4. X-Bar and S Charts
14.2.5. Control Charts for Attributes
14.2.6. p Chart and np Chart
14.2.7. np Chart Example
14.2.8. c Chart and u Chart
14.2.9. c Chart Example
14.3. Benefits of Control Charts
14.4. Average Outgoing Quality
14.4.1. Process Capability Studies.

Note continued: 14.5. Advanced Control Charts
14.5.1. Cumulative Sum Control Charts
14.5.2. Exponentially Weighted Moving Average Control Charts
14.5.3. Other Advanced Control Charts
14.6. Summary
Problems
15.1. Burn-In Data Observations
15.2. Discussion of Burn-In Data
15.3. Higher Field Reliability without Screening
15.4. Best Practices
15.5. Summary
Problems
16.1. Root-Cause Analysis Processes
16.1.1. Preplanning
16.1.2. Collecting Data for Analysis and Assessing Immediate Causes
16.1.3. Root-Cause Hypothesization
16.1.4. Analysis and Interpretation of Evidence
16.1.5. Root-Cause Identification and Corrective Actions
16.1.6. Assessment of Corrective Actions
16.2. No-Fault-Found
16.2.1. An Approach to Assess NFF
16.2.2. Common Mode Failure
16.2.3. Concept of Common Mode Failure
16.2.4. Modeling and Analysis for Dependencies for Reliability Analysis
16.2.5. Common Mode Failure Root Causes
16.2.6. Common Mode Failure Analysis
16.2.7. Common Mode Failure Occurrence and Impact Reduction
16.3. Summary
Problems
17.1. Reliability Block Diagram
17.2. Series System
17.3. Products with Redundancy
17.3.1. Active Redundancy
17.3.2. Standby Systems
17.3.3. Standby Systems with Imperfect Switching
17.3.4. Shared Load Parallel Models
17.3.5. (k, n) Systems
17.3.6. Limits of Redundancy
17.4. Complex System Reliability
17.4.1. Complete Enumeration Method
17.4.2. Conditional Probability Method
17.4.3. Concept of Coherent Structures
17.5. Summary
Problems
18.1. Conceptual Model for Prognostics
18.2. Reliability and Prognostics
18.3. PHM for Electronics
18.4. PHM Concepts and Methods
18.4.1. Fuses and Canaries
18.5. Monitoring and Reasoning of Failure Precursors
18.5.1. Monitoring Environmental and Usage Profiles for Damage Modeling
18.6. Implementation of PHM in a System of Systems
18.7. Summary
Problems
19.1. Product Warranties
19.2. Warranty Return Information
19.3. Warranty Policies
19.4. Warranty and Reliability
19.5. Warranty Cost Analysis
19.5.1. Elements of Warranty Cost Models
19.5.2. Failure Distributions
19.5.3. Cost Modeling Calculation
19.5.4. Modeling Assumptions and Notation
19.5.5. Cost Models Examples
19.5.6. Information Needs
19.5.7. Other Cost Models
19.6. Warranty and Reliability Management
19.7. Summary
Problems.