Handbook of cellulosic ethanol / Ananda S. Amarasekara.

Cover; Title Page; Copyright Page; Contents; Preface; Part 1 Introduction to Cellulosic Ethanol; 1 Renewable Fuels; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Renewable Energy; 1.3 Biofuels; 1.3.1 Advantages of Biofuels; 1.3.2 Gaseous Biofuels; 1.3.3 Liquid Biofuels; 1.4 Renewable Energy in the United States; 1.4.1 Federal Agencies Promoting Renewable Energy; 1.4.2 Incentives for Renewable Fuels; 1.5 Renewable Fuel Legislature in the United States; 1.5.1 Renewable Fuel Standards of Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007; 1.5.2 US EPA 2013 Renewable Fuel Standards; References.

2 Bioethanol as a Transportation Fuel2.1 Introduction
History of Bioethanol as a Transportation Fuel; 2.2 Alcohol Fuels; 2.3 Fuel Characteristics of Ethanol; 2.3.1 Disadvantages of Ethanol; 2.4 Corn and Sugarcane Ethanol; 2.4.1 First Generation Ethanol Production; 2.5 Advantages of Cellulosic Ethanol; References; 3 Feedstocks for Cellulosic Ethanol Production; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Cellulosic Ethanol Feedstock Types; 3.3 Potential of Agricultural Wastes; 3.4 Major Crop Residue Feedstock; 3.4.1 Corn Stover; 3.4.2 Wheat Straw; 3.4.3 Rice Straw; 3.4.4 Sugarcane Bagasse; 3.4.5 Barley Straw.

3.5 Forestry Residue, Logging and Mill Residue3.6 Grass Feedstocks; 3.6.1 Switchgrass; 3.6.2 Miscanthus Grass; 3.6.3 Prairie Cordgrass; 3.6.4 Arundo Donax or Giant Reed; 3.6.5 Reed Canary Grass; 3.6.6 Alfalfa; 3.6.7 Other Grasses; 3.7 Purpose-Grown Trees as Feedstock; 3.7.1 Poplar; 3.7.2 Willows; 3.7.3 Pines; 3.7.4 Eucalyptus; 3.8 Municipal and Other Waste as Feedstock for Cellulosic Ethanol; 3.8.1 Municipal Waste Feedstock Utilizing Cellulosic Ethanol Plants; References; Part 2 Aqueous Phase Biomass Hydrolysis Route; 4 Challenges in Aqueous-Phase Biomass Hydrolysis Route: Recalcitrance.

4.1 Introduction
Two Ways to Produce Cellulosic Ethanol4.2 Challenges in Aqueous-Phase Biomass Hydrolysis; 4.3 Structure of Plant Cells and Lignocellulosic Biomass; 4.4 Major Components of Lignocellulosic Biomass; 4.4.1 Cellulose; 4.4.2 Hemicellulose; 4.4.3 Lignin; 4.5 Cellulose Recalcitrance; References; 5 Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Different Categories of Pretreatment Methods; 5.3 Physical Pretreatment; 5.3.1 Machinery Used in Physical Pretreatment; 5.3.2 Physical Pretreatment of Woody Biomass; 5.4 Physicochemical Pretreatment.

5.4.1 Steam Explosion or Steam Pretreatment5.4.2 Liquid Hot Water (LHW) Pretreatment; 5.4.3 Ammonia-Based Pretreatments Method; 5.4.4 Ammonia Fiber/Freeze Explosion (AFEX); 5.4.5 Ammonia Recycle Percolation (ARP); 5.4.6 Soaking Aqueous Ammonia (SAA); 5.4.7 Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Pretreatment; 5.4.8 Organosolv Pretreatment; 5.4.9 Ionic Liquid (IL) Pretreatment; 5.4.10 N-Methyl Morpholine N-Oxide (NMMO) Pretreatment; 5.5 Chemical Pretreatment; 5.5.1 Aqueous Acid Pretreatment; 5.5.2 Sulfur Dioxide Pretreatment; 5.5.3 Alkaline Pretreatment Methods; 5.5.4 Lime Pretreatment.