Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
Preface
Part 1 Corrosion Chemistry
1 Corrosion and its Definition
2 The Corrosion Process and Affecting Factors
3 Corrosion Types Based on Mechanism
3.1 Uniform Corrosion
3.2 Pitting Corrosion
3.3 Crevice Corrosion
3.4 Galvanic Corrosion
3.5 Intergranular Corrosion
3.6 Selective Corrosion
3.7 Erosion or Abrasion Corrosion
3.8 Cavitation Corrosion
3.9 Fretting Corrosion
3.10 Stress Corrosion Cracking
3.11 Microbial Corrosion
4 Corrosion Types of Based on the Media
4.1 Atmospheric Corrosion
4.2 Corrosion in Water
4.2.1 Cooling Water Systems
4.2.2 Oil/Petroleum Industry
4.2.3 Mine Waters
4.3 Corrosion in Soil
5 Nature of Protective Metal Oxide Films
6 Effect of Aggressive Anions on Corrosion
7 Corrosion Prevention Methods
8 Commonly Used Alloys and their Properties
8.1 Aluminum 2024 Alloy
8.2 Aluminum 7075 Alloy
8.3 Aluminum 6061 Alloy
9 Cost of Corrosion and Use of Corrosion Inhibitors
10 Types of Corrosion Inhibitors
10.1 Anodic Inhibitors
10.2 Cathodic Inhibitors
11 Chromates: Best Corrosion Inhibitors to Date
11.1 Limitations on the Use of Chromates due to Toxicity
11.2 Corrosion Inhibition Mechanism of Chromates
12 Chromate Inhibitor Replacements: Current and Potential Applications
12.1 Nitrites
12.2 Trivalent Chromium Compounds
12.3 Oxyanions Analogous to Chromate
12.3.1 Molybdates
12.3.2 Vanadates
12.3.3 Salts of Polyhydroxycarboxylic Acids
12.4 Synergistic Use of Oxyanions Analogues of Chromate
13 Sol-Gels (Ormosils): Properties and Uses
13.1 Types of Sol-Gels
13.2 Corrosion Inhibition Mechanism of Sol-Gel Coatings
13.3 Synthesis of Sol-Gels
13.3.1 Gelation
13.3.2 Drying.

13.4 Incorporation of Corrosion Inhibitive Pigments into Sol-Gel Coatings
13.4.1 Barrier Pigments
13.4.2 Sacrificial Pigments
13.4.3 Inhibitive Pigments
14 Corrosion in Engineering Materials
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Steel Structures
14.2.1 Corrosive Environments
14.2.2 The Corrosion Process in Steel Structures
14.2.3 Protection Against Corrosion in Steel Structures
14.2.4 Coatings as a Corrosion Control
14.2.5 Corrosion Protection/Surface Protection
14.3 Concrete Structures
14.3.1 Corrosion of Reinforcements in Concrete Members
14.3.2 Rate of Corrosion
14.3.3 Measures to Withstand Corrosion
14.3.4 The Importance of Chloride Ions
14.3.5 Types of Corrosion Controlling Mechanisms
14.3.6 Stray Current Corrosion
14.3.7 Stress Corrosion Cracking
14.3.8 Effects of the Concrete Environment on Corrosion
14.3.9 Corrosion Inhibiting Admixtures
14.3.10 Concrete Quality
14.3.11 Thickness of Concrete Cover Over Steel
14.3.12 Carbonation
14.4 Protection Against Corrosion in Concrete Construction
14.4.1 Introduction
14.4.2 Design and Construction Practices
14.4.3 Excluding of Chloride Ion from Concrete
14.4.4 Methods of Protecting Reinforcing Steel from Chloride Ions
14.4.5 Corrosion Control Methods
14.5 Corrosion of Unbonded Prestressing Tendons
14.5.1 Background
14.5.2 Allowable Tensile Stresses in Concrete
14.5.3 Condition Survey
14.5.4 Repair
14.5.5 Strand Replacement
14.6 Cathodic Protection
14.6.1 Practical Applications in Tropical Environments and Lessons Gained
14.7 Corrosion in Industrial Projects
14.7.1 Corrosion in Oil and Gas Production
14.7.2 Corrosion of Carbon Steel and Galvanized Steel in Industrial Projects under Pollutant and Marine Environments
14.7.3 Dead Sea Structures
References
Part 2 Cathodic Protection.

15 Corrosion of Materials
15.1 Deterioration or Corrosion of Ceramic Materials
15.2 Degradation or Deterioration of Polymers
15.3 Corrosion or Deterioration of Metals
15.3.1 Iron, Steel and Stainless Steels
15.3.2 Aluminum and its Alloys
15.3.3 Magnesium and its Alloys
15.3.4 Copper and its Alloys
15.3.5 Nickel and its Alloys
15.3.6 Titanium and its Alloys
15.3.7 Lead and its Alloys
15.3.8 Corrosion of Composite Alloys (Tin Can Example)
16 Factors Influencing Corrosion
16.1 Nature of the Metal
16.1.1 Position in Galvanic Series
16.1.2 Relative Areas of the Anode and Cathode
16.1.3 Purity of Metal
16.1.4 Physical State of the Metal
16.1.5 Passivity or Passivation
16.1.6 Nature of the Corrosion Product
16.1.7 Nature of the Oxide Film
16.2 Nature of the Corroding Environment
16.2.1 Effect of Temperature
16.2.2 Dissolved Oxygen Concentration and Formation of Oxygen Concentration Cells
16.2.3 Nature of the Electrolyte
16.2.4 Presence of Corrosive Ions
16.2.5 Flow Rate
16.2.6 Humidity
16.2.7 Effect of pH
16.2.8 Presence of Impurities in the Atmosphere
17 Corrosion Mechanisms
17.1 Direct Chemical Attack or Chemical or Dry Corrosion
17.1.1 Oxidation Corrosion
17.1.2 Corrosion by Other Gases
17.1.3 Liquid Metal Corrosion
17.2 Electrochemical or Aqueous or Wet Corrosion
17.3 Differences between Chemical and Electrochemical Corrosion
18 Corrosion Types
18.1 Uniform Corrosion
18.1.1 Atmospheric Corrosion
18.1.2 Corrosion in Water
18.1.3 Underground or Soil Corrosion
18.1.4 High Temperature Corrosion
18.2 Non-Uniform Corrosion
18.2.1 Galvanic Corrosion
18.2.2 Crevice Corrosion
18.2.3 Pitting Corrosion
18.2.4 Selective Leaching or Selective Corrosion
18.2.5 Filiform Corrosion
18.2.6 Erosion Corrosion.

21.2 Lost Production Due to Plants Going out of Service or Shutdowns
21.3 Product Loss Due to Leakages
21.4 Contamination of the Product
21.5 Maintenance Costs
21.6 Overprotective Measures
22 Cathodic Protection
22.1 Sacrificial Anode Cathodic Protection Systems
22.2 Impressed Current Cathodic Protection Systems
22.3 Cathodic Protection Current Need
22.4 Effect of Coatings on Cathodic Protection
22.5 Effect of Passivation on Cathodic Protection
22.6 Automated Cathodic Protection Systems
22.7 Cathodic Protection Criteria
22.7.1 -850 mV Criterion
22.7.2 300 mV Potential Shift Criterion
22.7.3 100 mV Polarization Shift Criterion
22.7.4 Tafel Region Starting Point
22.8 Reliability of Cathodic Protection Criteria
22.9 Interference Effects of Cathodic Protection Systems
22.9.1 Anodic Interference
22.9.2 Cathodic Interference
22.9.3 Specific Interference Cases
22.10 Criteria for Cathodic Protection Projects
22.11 Cost of Cathodic Protection
22.12 Comparison of Cathodic Protection Systems
23 Sacrificial Anode or Galvanic Cathodic Protection Systems
23.1 Anodic Potentials and Anodic Polarization
23.2 Galvanic Cathodic Protection Current Need
23.3 Anodic Current Capacity and Anodic Current Efficiency
23.4 Service Life of an Anode
23.5 Minimum Number of Galvanic Anodes
23.6 Commonly Used Galvanic Anodes
23.6.1 Magnesium Anodes
23.6.2 Zinc Anodes
23.6.3 Aluminum Anodes
23.7 Performance Measurements of Galvanic Anodes
23.7.1 Chemical Composition
23.7.2 Mechanical Strength
23.7.3 Electrical Resistivity
23.7.4 Electrochemical Experiments
23.8 Galvanic Anodic Beds
23.8.1 Anodic Bed Filling Materials
23.8.2 Anodic Bed Resistance
23.9 Sacrificial Anode Cathodic Protection Projects.