Water, fundamentals as the basis for understanding the environment and promoting technology : proceedings of the International School of Physics "Enrico Fermi" course 187 : Varenna on Lake Como, Villan Monastero, 8-13 July 2013 / edited by P.G. Debenedetti and M.A. Ricci and F. Bruni = Acqua, le sue proprietà fondamentali per la comprensione dell'ambiente e lo sviluppo tecnologico : rendiconti della Scuola internazionale di fisica "Enrico Fermi" CLXXXVII corso : Varenna sul Lago di Como, Villa Monastero, 8-13 luglio 2013 / a cura di P.G. Debenedetti e M.A. Ricci e di F. Bruni.

Title page; Contents; Preface; Course group shot; Experimental tests of the liquid-liquid phase transition hypothesis; Water and its relatives: The stable, supercooled and particularly the stretched regimes; Introduction; Liquid domains and stable states; Hydrogen bonds and anomalies of water; High pressure; Properties of supercooled water and solutions; The second-critical-point hypothesis and the problem of its location; Validity of the second-critical-point hypothesis; Is water unique? Brothers and cousins; Stretched water: negative-pressure investigations.

Hard data in the negative-pressure domainA modified van der Waals model for stretched liquids; Concluding commentary; Atmospheric water; Introduction; General structure of the Earth's atmosphere; Condensed phases of water in the atmosphere; Pure water phases; Introduction to aerosol particles; Phase transitions of water; Cooling processes leading to supersaturation; Gas-to-liquid transition: liquid-water droplets from water vapor; Liquid-to-ice transition: ice crystals from supercooled water droplets; Homogeneous ice nucleation in pure water; Heterogeneous ice nucleation in pure water.

Implications: the Wegener-Bergeron-Findeisen processIce nucleation in haze particles; Homogeneous ice nucleation; Heterogeneous ice nucleation (immersion freezing); Kinetic state diagram of atmospheric humidity; X-ray spectroscopy, scattering and simulation studies of instantaneous structures in water; The inhomogeneous structure hypothesis; Two local distinct structures; X-ray spectroscopy; Connecting XAS/XRS and XES; Peak shifts with temperature; Comparing effects of temperature with adding salts; Consistency with vibrational spectroscopy; The nature of the distorted species.

Understanding XAS/XRSThe pre-edge; The main edge; Interpretation of XAS/XRS: Newns-Anderson model; The inherent structure in MD simulations; Density fluctuations; Normal and anomalous contributions to kappa_T; Compressibility in MD models; Density inhomogeneities and Small-Angle X-ray Scattering; Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS); Qualitative understanding of SAXS data; The relation between correlation length and spatial extent; Anticorrelation between tetrahedrality and density; Wide-angle scattering and pair-correlation functions g_OO(r).

Correlations at intermediate range (6-15 angstrom)Temperature dependence of intermediate-range correlations; The first O-O peak; The HDL local structure; Concluding remarks; Spectroscopy and modeling of aqueous interfaces; SHG as a surface probe; Langmuir models for interfacial adsorption; The 1:1 exchange model; The effects of water exchange in the exchange model; An alternative approach; Langmuir adsorption modeling including cations; SHG/Langmuir fitting procedures; Applications; Water and ice structure in the range 220-365K from radiation total scattering experiments; Introduction.