Likeness and presence : a history of the image before the era of art / Hans Belting ; translated by Edmund Jephcott.

Introduction
The icon from a modern perspective and in light of its history
Why images? : imagery and religion in late antiquity
Heavenly images and earthly portraits : St. Luke's picture and "unpainted" originals in Rome and the Eastern Empire
Roman funerary portraits and portraits of the saints
The imperial image in antiquity and the problem of the Christian cult of images
Image devotion, public relations, and theology at the end of antiquity
Church and image : the doctrine of the church and iconoclasm


The holy image in church decoration and a new policy of images
Pilgrims, emperors and confraternities : veneration of icons in Byzantium and Venice
The "holy face" : legends and images in competition
The iconostasis and the role of the icon in the liturgy and in private devotion
"Living painting" : poetry and rhetoric in a new style of icons in the eleventh and twelfth centuries
Statues, vessels, and signs : medieval images and relics in the West
The icon in the civic life of Rome
"In the Greek manner" : imported icons in the West


Norm and freedom : Italian icons in the age of the Tuscan cities
The madonnas of Siena : the image in urban life
The dialogue with the image : the era of the private image at the end of the Middle Ages
Religion and art ; the crisis of the image at the beginning of the modern age.